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This chapter introduces a citizenship instruction program offered by the Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) program at Oklahoma City University (OCU) in collaboration with two local libraries in the Oklahoma City metro area with a grant funded by the Institute of Museum and Library Services and the Oklahoma Department of Libraries. It specifically discusses the challenges that teachers and learners have encountered during the COVID-19 pandemic and the approaches utilized to address these challenges. Implications of this experience for instruction of civics/history and civics-based English, as well as the professionalization of ESL teachers, post-COVID-19 are discussed. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved.
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Aiming at the severe form of new coronavirus epidemic prevention and control, a target detection algorithm is proposed to detect whether masks are worn in public places. The Ghostnet and SElayer modules with fewer design parameters replace the BottleneckCSP part in the original Yolov5s network, which reduces the computational complexity of the model and improves the detection accuracy. The bounding box regression loss function DIOU is optimized, the DGIOU loss function is used for bounding box regression, and the center coordinate distance between the two bounding boxes is considered to achieve a better convergence effect. In the feature pyramid, the depthwise separable convolution DW is used to replace the ordinary convolution, which further reduces the amount of parameters and reduces the loss of feature information caused by multiple convolutions. The experimental results show that compared with the yolov5s algorithm, the proposed method improves the mAP by 4.6% and the detection rate by 10.7 frame/s in the mask wearing detection. Compared with other mainstream algorithms, the improved yolov5s algorithm has better generalization ability and practicability. © 2022 ACM.
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COVID-19 is a severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV- 2.COVID-19 is now a pandemic, and is not yet fully under control.As the surface spike protein (S) mediates the recognition between the virus and cell membrane and the process of cell entry, it plays an important role in the course of disease transmission.The study on the S protein not only elucidates the structure and function of virus-related proteins and explains their cellular entry mechanism, but also provides valuable information for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of COVII)-19.Concentrated on the S protein of SARS-CoV-2, this review covers four aspects: (1 ) The structure of the S protein and its binding with angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) , the specific receptor of SARS-CoV-2, is introduced in detail.Compared with SARS-CoV, the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV- 2 S protein has a higher affinity with ACE2, while the affinity of the entire S protein is on the contrary.(2) Currently, the cell entry mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 meditated by the S protein is proposed to include endosomal and non-endosomal pathways.With the recognition and binding between the S protein and ACE2 or after cell entry, transmembrane protease serine 2(TMPRSS2) , lysosomal cathepsin or the furin enzyme can cleave S protein at S1/S2 cleavage site, facilitating the fusion between the virus and target membrane.(3) For the progress in SARS-CoV-2 S protein antibodies, a collection of significant antibodies are introduced and compared in the fields of the target, source and type.(4) Mechanisms of therapeutic treatments for SARS-CoV-2 varied.Though the antibody and medicine treatments related to the SARS-CoV-2 S protein are of high specificity and great efficacy, the mechanism, safety, applicability and stability of some agents are still unclear and need further assessment.Therefore, to curb the pandemic, researchers in all fields need more cooperation in the development of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and medicines to face the great challenge.Copyright © Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition).All right reserved.
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The paper discusses changing conditions of care and domestic work in Greece in the context of the ongoing health crisis, which follows a long period of successive and simultaneous crises (financial, social, pandemic, refugee, war) and extreme neoliberal policies implemented to control them. The focus is on the burden that women (have to) assume in conjunctures which reinstate care (and domestic work) as "women's work”, with particular emphasis in the periods of "lockdown” adopted by the government in order to control the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic. The general overview is supported by research in Athens and material from interviews with women who juggle with space and time as they struggle to care for the self and for others while adhering to personal goals and aspirations, as well as to the "social benefits” of previous decades of relative prosperity. © 2023, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. All rights reserved.
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The pandemic scourge has marked a relentless turning point in the educational scene. Specifically, in the People's Republic of China, the context in which the present experience is set, online teaching has become the norm for a significant number of Spanish-speaking teachers without the option of returning. This situation, in addition to making the teaching of an eminently communicative subject such as Conversation difficult, raises the urgent need to redefine the teaching process by embracing proposals which, on the one hand, are in line with the identity of the target students and, on the other, stimulate active participation in the virtual classroom. This article contextualises and describes the proposal developed among second-year students of the Degree in Hispanic Philology through a proposal structured around two main axes: graphic novels and the ComicLife3 application.
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A body of empirical literature exists which sets out how the accommodation industry performs across a range of locations. However, research on tourism regions in terms of its accommodation industry remains underdeveloped, especially in the Covid-19 pandemic when tourism faced unprecedented adversity and need to find a way to move forward. In an attempt to address this and take the Australian accommodation industry as a case study, this paper sought to investigate the efficiency of Australian tourism regions in the accommodation industry for the period of 2014/15–2017/18. The findings clearly showed that Australian tourism regions had seen significant growth in terms of their efficiency in the accommodation industry over the surveyed period. The Australian commercial large cities, namely Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, and the Goal Coast, represent perhaps the best example, having obtained a higher efficiency than all other tourism regions. Exogenous factors, such as the occupancy rate, the average daily rate, the number of international visitors and the number of domestic visitors overnight were identified as influencing the technical efficiency score of tourism regions, with policy formulation and implementation identified as being key to improving the efficiency of the accommodation industry at the regional level for a post-Covid-19 period. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
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The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic has not only meant a paradigm shift in university teaching processes during the health crisis, but also an opportunity to rethink the challenges and opportunities that this crisis has generated in both edu-communication and media literacy in the context of higher education. The general aim of this research is to analyse the challenge of digital transformation because of the pandemic in the official master's degree in Communication and Creative In-dustries at the University of Alicante (hereinafter Comincrea) during the academic year 2021-2022. To this end, three specific objectives are proposed to analyse the impact that online learning and digital transformation have had on teaching staff, students, and companies that offer external curricular internships. The methodo-logy applied is systematic surveys of closed and open-ended questions. The results indicate that there is a predisposition on the part of teaching staff towards digital transformation, although with a certain rejection of duality (online and face-to-face learning), and evidence that students, despite having the necessary resources and skills, continue to prefer face-to-face teaching as a system, although they emphasize the flexibility of mixing online with face-to-face learning.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has brought significant changes to people's lives, causing high levels of anxiety, distress, and fear. In response, the "Fear of COVID-19” scale (FCV-19S) was developed in 2020 to measure the severity of fears related to COVID-19. This study assessed the psychometric properties of the Czech version of the FCV-19S, which was administered to a representative sample of 1372 participants, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted. The sample reflects the structure of a theoretical population aged 15–74 years and is composed of 50% males and 50% females. Moreover, univariate statistics were calculated, internal consistency was tested, and uni-dimensionality based on principal component analysis was performed. In addition, univariate statistical analyses were performed, internal consistency was tested, and univariate consistency was also assessed using principal component analysis. CFA indicated that the scale demonstrated very good standard indices;FCV-19S showed a high level of internal consistency, and it adequately differentiated the levels of fear among diverse subpopulations. The findings suggest that the Czech version of the FCV-19S is a valid and reliable instrument that has robust psychometric properties and can, therefore, be recommended for use in research. The availability of the Czech version of the FCV-19S will contribute to assessments of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Czech population, providing valuable information in guiding interventions aimed at reducing the negative psychological impacts of the pandemic.
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During the COVID 19 pandemic in Peru, the digitalization process of criminal public hearings increased, initiated in previous years by the introduction of ICTs in the work of legal institutions and professionals. This situation has given rise to debates on the application of the principle of immediacy, which traditionally governs criminal proceedings. The present work has the objective of analyzing the influence of digitalization on the principle of immediacy in criminal public hearings, held in Peru during the COVID 19 pandemic. To achieve this objective, a qualitative design study, descriptive and the use of theoretical level methods, to explain the use of ICTs and the digitization process, the general principles of law, with an emphasis on im-mediacy, and digitization in criminal public hearings. As a result, it is concluded that legislation and jurisprudence agree that the digitalization of public criminal hearings does not violate the principle of immediacy, but rather facilitates the interrelation of the parties, and the judge's appreciation of objective and subjective elements that guarantee his conviction. to dictate a fair and well-founded sentence in matters of facts and law. © 2023, University of Cienfuegos, Carlos Rafael Rodriguez. All rights reserved.
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Objective: To design an optimal formulation for quercetin and vitamin C nano-phytosome. Method(s): Nano-phytosomes are prepared by the thin layer hydration technique using a 2-level-5-factor design experimental. A total of 32 experimental formulas were used for data analysis. The ratio of quercetin: soy lecithin (X1), the ratio of quercetin: cholesterol (X2), stirring speed (X3), stirring temperature (X4), and stirring time (X5) were used as independent factors, while globule size as a dependent factor. Data analysis was carried out by Design Expert12 application. Characterization of the optimal formula included physicochemical evaluation, globule size analysis, zeta potential, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, Transition Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis, and FTIR analysis. Result(s): The optimal formula consisted of quercetin: vitamin C: lecithin: cholesterol ratio of 1: 1: 1.046: 0.105 mol;stirring speed 763.986 rpm;stirring time of 59 min, at temperature 51.73 degreeC which produced 59.26 nm average globule size, PDI value 0.66;zeta potential value-35.93+/-0.95 mV and average SPAN value 0.61. This formulation showed entrapment efficiency of quercetin 91.69+/-0.18 % and vitamin C 90.82+/-0.13 %. The TEM and FITR analysis showed the morphological of the globules and interactions between the drugs, soy lecithin, and cholesterol to form nano-phytosomes. Conclusion(s): The conditions to obtain the optimal formula for quercetin vitamin C nano-phytosome consisted of quercetin: vitamin C: lecithin: cholesterol ratio of 1: 1: 1.046: 0.105 mol;stirring speed 763.986 rpm;stirring time of 59 min, and at temperature 51.73 degreeC.Copyright © 2023 The Authors.
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Objective. To evaluate a potential of cystatin C blood concentration to predict acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with severe and extremely severe pneumonia associated with a COVID-19. Materials and methods. An observational prospective study of 117 patients with severe and extremely severe pneumonia associated with a COVID-19 in an ICU setting was conducted in 2020-2022 (site: multifunctional Medical Center, 1586 Military Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Defense of Russia, Moscow Region, Russia). Routine laboratory tests and instrumental examinations were performed according to generally accepted protocols. Cystatin C concentrations in blood (s-CysC) and urine (u-CysC) were measured by immunoturbidimetric method. Results. AKI was diagnosed in 21 (17.9%) patients, kidney dysfunction without AKI was found in 22 (18.8%) patients with severe and extremely severe pneumonia associated with COVID-19. s-CysC and u-CysC levels in the group of patients with AKI were statistically significantly higher compared to the levels in the group of patients without AKI. The levels of s-CysC obtained within Day 1 - T (-1), and Day 2 - T (-2) prior to AKI onset turned out to be the independent factors for AKI development in patients with severe and extremely severe pneumonia associated with COVID-19: OR 5.37, Wald chi-square 5.534 (CI: 1.324;21.788);P=0.019 and OR 3.225, Wald chi-square 4.121 (CI: 1.041;9.989);P=0.042, respectively. s-CysC T (-2) value is informative, and s- CysC T (-1) is a highly informative predictor of AKI development in severe and extremely severe pneumonia associated with COVID-19: ROC AUC 0.853 (95% CI, 0.74-0.966), P_0.001) with 90% sensitivity and 73% specificity at a cut-off of 1.67 mg/L, and ROC AUC 0.905 (95% CI, 0.837-0.973), P_0.001) with 90% sensitivity and 73% specificity at a cut-off of 1.69 mg/l, respectively. Serum CysC levels started increasing 3 days prior to AKI onset, outpacing the increase of SCr levels. The u-CysC levels were not predictive of AKI development. Impaired renal function probability was increasing with patients' age (P_0.0001). Conclusions. Serum CysC seems to be a statistically significant predictor of AKI. s-CysC levels started increasing 3 days prior to AKI onset, surpassing the increase of SCr levels in patients with severe and extremely severe pneumonia associated with COVID-19. Urine CysC did not achieve statistical significance as a predictor for AKI, although u-CysC concentrations were significantly higher on days 3, 2, 1 prior to AKI onset and on the day of AKI onset in the group of patients with AKI.Copyright © 2023, V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology. All rights reserved.
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The article discusses the properties of the pandemic strain XBB.1.5 S protein in comparison with the 1918 and 2009 pandemic strains hemagglutinin H1. The S-protein XBB.1.5 already contains more than 40 mutations realized by substituting different amino acids through single and dinucleotide substitutions, deletions and the use of predominantly transversions. The variability of H1N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is associated with single nucleotide substitutions at a constant length. Conditional extrapolation of influenza virus hemagglutinin variability data on coronavirus S-protein sizes suggests that new pandemic strains will emerge in the next 2-3 years, avoiding the immune defense formed by vaccination against the strains preceding them. The inability to create through the adaptive immune system a long-term immunity to pandemic coronaviruses, as well as to other respiratory viruses with a short incubation cycle, puts on the agenda the need to find new vaccine designs that provide a combination of long-term adaptive and trained immunity. The problem in the search for such vaccines is associated with the regulation of the activity of the innate immune system and ensuring the stability of trained immunity. © 2023, Numikom. All rights reserved.
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1. Background: Some reports have suggested that as many as one-half of all hospital inpatients identified as COVID-19-positive during the Omicron BA.1 variant-driven wave were incidental cases admitted primarily for reasons other than their viral infections. To date, however, there are no prospective longitudinal studies of a representative panel of hospitals based on pre-established criteria for determining whether a patient was, in fact, admitted as a result of the disease. 2. Materials and Methods: To fill this gap, we developed a formula to estimate the fraction of incidental COVID-19 hospitalizations that relies on measurable, population-based parameters. We applied our approach to a longitudinal panel of 164 counties throughout the United States, covering a 4-week interval ending in the first week of January 2022. 3. Results: Within this panel, we estimated that COVID-19 incidence was rising exponentially at a rate of 9.34% per day (95% CI, 8.93–9.87). Assuming that only one-quarter of all Omicron BA.1 infections had been reported by public authorities, we further estimated the aggregate prevalence of active SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first week of January to be 3.45%. During the same week, among 250 high-COVID-volume hospitals within our 164-county panel, an estimated one in four inpatients was COVID-positive. Based upon these estimates, we computed that 10.6% of such COVID-19-positive hospitalized patients were incidental infections. Across individual counties, the median fraction of incidental COVID-19 hospitalizations was 9.5%, with an interquartile range of 6.7 to 12.7%. 4. Conclusion: Incidental COVID-19 infections appear to have been a nontrivial fraction of all COVID-19-positive hospitalized patients during the Omicron BA.1 wave. In the aggregate, however, the burden of patients admitted for complications of their viral infections was far greater. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of COVID is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
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OBJECTIVE: Field hospitals, also known as alternative care sites, have been an important healthcare reinforcement during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic worldwide. In the Valencian Community, three of these hospitals were opened, one for each province. Our study aimed to make a comprehensive analysis of this resource in Castellon. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was carried out with an analytical and statistical component of 3 aspects: infrastructure, satisfaction and clinical data from COVID-positive hospitalized patients. The sources of information were primary, institutional for the infrastructure and personal for the satisfaction surveys and clinical data. RESULTS: A set of 6x3 metres polyvalent tents was chosen, which joined formed a single-floor area of about 3.500 m2. Although hospital opened for approximately a year and a half with multiple uses, most in relation to the COVID pandemic (vaccination center, emergency room observation, hospital assistance, warehouse...), reception of positive patients for the virus began during the third wave of the pandemic, remaining active for eleven days. A total of thirty-one patients with a mean age of 56 years were admitted. 41.9% did not have any comorbidity and 54.8% needed treatment with oxygen therapy. Furthermore, the length of stay was three days, finding a significant relationship between this one, the oxygen flow required during admission and the age. Satisfaction was measured by a survey of seventeen questions where an average satisfaction of 8.33/10. CONCLUSIONS: This is one of the few studies in the literature in which a field hospital is analyzed from such different points of view. After this analysis, it is concluded that it is an extraordinary and temporary resource whose use is useful without reflecting an increase of morbidity/mortality among our patients and with a very favorable subjective assessment.
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SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense RNA virus that contains open reading frame 1ab (ORF1ab) to produce 16 nonstructural proteins (nsps). Five stem-loops (SL) are found in the 5' UTR of the RNA that are involved in myriad viral functions and are labeled SL1 through SL5. SL1 is crucial to viral replication. Upon viral infection, nsp1 binds the ribosomal 40S subunit to inhibit all host mRNA translation. Upon SL1 binding to nsp1, viral mRNA can be processed by the ribosome, allowing viral proteins to be produced. In this study, we are examining small DNA oligonucleotides that bind to SL1-mimetic DNA in order to block SL1-nsp1 interactions. We designed a DNA analog of the SL1 hairpin and two small DNA oligonucleotides that are complementary to either the helical stem or the loop region of SL1. The binding of these oligonucleotides to the SL1 hairpin should allow the formation of either an alternate duplex or a triplex structure. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and circular dichroism (CD) techniques were performed in 1 MKCl and 10 mM MgCl2 at two different pH (5.5 and 7.0) to examine structural and thermodynamics of binding. ITC of the two oligonucleotides showed modest binding. Results from DNA binding experiments, thermal denaturation, and CD show the hairpin structure is thermodynamically more favored and mostly remains intact under the conditions examined.Copyright © 2023 The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
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The U.S. border security apparatus is moving around the globe as climate change, the coronavirus pandemic and corporatization create political and economic chaos. Global north governments seek to keep out migrants and refugees from the global south while corporations in the global north want protection to maintain their wealth. U.S. government bureaucratic agencies such as Custom and Border Protection's Border Patrol Tactical Unit are sent abroad to expand U.S. influence in an empire of borders to train receptive government security and border forces and to regulate, detain and prevent migrants and refugees well beyond the U.S. border. Governments are waging war against the people, creating a "securocracy" comprised of profit seeking military arms corporations and allied government agents to quell resistance and border crossers. Examined are the effects and impacts of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security on global border securocracy beginning with an analysis of the Mexico-U.S. border, moving to international borders in Latin America and beyond. The theoretical concept of border securocracy is expanded from the securocracy literature in the context of the north versus south globalization conflict. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Administrative Theory & Praxis (Taylor & Francis Ltd) is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
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Monitoring of the proportion of immune individuals and the effectiveness of vaccination in a population involves evaluation of several important parameters, including the level of virus-neutralising antibodies. In order to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential to develop approaches to detecting SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies by safe, simple and rapid methods that do not require live viruses. To develop a test system for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that detects potential neutralising antibodies, it is necessary to obtain a highly purified recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein with high avidity for specific antibodies. The aim of the study was to obtain and characterise a SARSCoV-2 S-protein RBD homodimer and a recombinant RBD-expressing cell line, as well as to create an ELISA system for detecting potential neutralising antibodies. Material(s) and Method(s): the genetic construct was designed in silico. To generate a stable producer cell line, the authors transfected CHO-S cells, subjected them to antibiotic pressure, and selected the optimal clone. To isolate monomeric and homodimeric RBD forms, the authors purified the recombinant RBD by chromatographic methods. Further, they analysed the activity of the RBD forms by Western blotting, bio-layer interferometry, and indirect ELISA. The analysis involved monoclonal antibodies GamXRH19, GamP2C5, and h6g3, as well as serum samples from volunteers vaccinated with Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V) and unvaccinated ones. Result(s): the authors produced the CHO-S cell line for stable expression of the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S-protein RBD. The study demonstrated the recombinant RBD's ability to homodimerise after fed-batch cultivation of the cell line for more than 7 days due to the presence of unpaired cysteines. The purified recombinant RBD yield from culture broth was 30-50 mg/L. Monomeric and homodimeric RBD forms were separated using gel-filtration chromatography and characterised by their ability to interact with specific monoclonal antibodies, as well as with serum samples from vaccinated volunteers. The homodimeric recombinant RBD showed increased avidity for both monoclonal and immune sera antibodies. Conclusion(s): the homodimeric recombinant RBD may be more preferable for the analysis of levels of antibodies to the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein.Copyright © 2023 Authors. All rights reserved.
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Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is distributed worldwide and causes significant losses in the poultry industry. In recent decades, lineages GI-19 and GI-7 have become the most prevalent IBV strains in China. However, the molecular evolution and phylodynamics of the lineage GI-7 IBV strains remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified 19 IBV strains from clinical samples from January 2021 to June 2022 in China, including 12 strains of GI-19, 3 strains of GI-7, and 1 strain each of GI-1, GI-9, GI-13, and GI-28. These results indicated that lineages GI-19 and GI-7 IBVs are still the most prevalent IBVs in China. Here, we investigated the evolution and transmission dynamics of lineage GI-7 IBVs. Our results revealed that the Taiwan province might be the origin of lineage GI-7 IBVs and that South China plays an important role in the spread of IBV. Furthermore, we found low codon usage bias of the S1 gene in lineage GI-7 IBVs. This allowed IBV to replicate in the host during evolution as a result of reduced competition, mainly driven by natural selection and mutational pressure, where the role of natural selection is more prominent. Collectively, our results reveal the genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of lineage GI-7 IBVs, which could assist in the prevention and control of viral infection.
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We study the effects of receiving immunization from COVID-19 on households' economic insecurity. To provide causal estimates we use a fuzzy regression discontinuity design which takes advantage of the UK's immunization plan. The plan was primarily based on age, granting differential eligibility to proximate cohorts. Our estimated local average treatment effect indicates that the share of households who declared being economically insecure dropped by 41 percentage points among those who received the vaccine due to the eligibility criteria. Using a difference-in-discontinuity design we next document that immunization was more salient for women as well as for large households and those with children. Our results suggest that the mass immunization campaign against COVID-19 had relevant short-run economic effects, well beyond its expected impact on people's health.
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The CDC Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) was developed to help public health officials and policymakers to identify geospatial variations in social vulnerability for each community to better respond to hazardous events, including disease outbreaks. However, the SVI does not include information on population density, which is a significant omission when considering the usefulness of the index in allocating scarce resources such as medical supplies and personnel, bedding, food, and water to locations they are most needed. Using county-level data from the initial U.S. COVID-19 outbreak, we provide empirical evidence that the existing SVI underestimates (overestimates) county-level infection rates in densely (sparsely) populated counties if population density is not accounted for. Population density remains significant even after allowing for spatial spillover effects. Going forward, the inclusion of population density to construct SVI can improve its usefulness in aiding policymakers in allocating scarce resources for future disasters, especially those with spatial dependence. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.